The History of Carbon Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The History of Carbon Persuasive Essay I.IntroductionA.The History of CarbonII.Occurrences in NatureA.DiamondB.GraphiteC.Coal and CharcoalD.Amorphous CarbonIII.Carbon CompoundsA.InorganicB.OrganicIV.The Carbon CycleIV.ConclusionCarbon, an element discovered before history itself, is one of the mostabundant elements in the universe. It can be found in the sun, the stars,comets, and the atmospheres of most planets. There are close to ten millionknown carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to the basis of lifeitself (WWW 1). Carbon occurs in many forms in nature. One of its purest forms is diamond. Diamond is the hardest substance known on earth. Although diamonds found innature are colorless and transparent, when combined with other elements itscolor can range from pastels to black. Diamond is a poor conductor of heat andelectricity. Until 1955 the only sources of diamond were found in deposits ofvolcanic origin. Since then scientists have found ways to make diamond fromgraphite and other synthetic materials. Diamonds of true gem quality are notmade in this way (Beggott 3-4). Graphite is another form of carbon. It occurs as a mineral in nature, but itcan be made artificially from amorphous carbon. One of the main uses forgraphite is for its lubricating qualities. Another is for the lead in pencils. Graphite is used as a heat resistant material and an electricity conductor. Itis also used in nuclear reactors as a lubricator (Kinoshita 119-127). Amorphous carbon is a deep black powder that occurs in nature as a component ofcoal. It may be obtained artificially from almost any organic substance byheating the substance to very high temperatures without air. Using this method,coke is produced from coal, and charcoal is produced from wood. Amorphouscarbon is the most reactive form of carbon. Because amorphous carbon burnseasily in air, it is used as a combustion fuel. The most important uses foramorphous carbon are as a filler for rubber and as a black pigment in paint (WWW2). There are two kinds of carbon compounds. The first is inorganic. Inorganiccompounds are binary compounds of carbon with metals or metal carbides. Theyhave properties ranging from reactive and saltlike; found in metals such assodium, magnesium, and aluminum, to an unreactive and metallic, such as titaniumand niobium (Beggott 4). Carbon compounds containing nonmetals are usually gases or liquids with lowboiling points. Carbon monoxide, a gas, is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. It forms during the incomplete combustion of carbon (Kinoshita 215-223). It ishighly toxic to animals because it inhibits the transport of oxygen in the bloodby hemoglobin (WWW 2). Carbon dioxide is a colorless, almost odorless gas thatis formed by the combustion of carbon. It is a product that results fromrespiration in most living organisms and is used by plants as a source of carbon. Frozen carbon dioxide, known as dry ice, is used as a refrigerant. Fluorocarbons, such as Freon, are used as refrigerants (Kinoshita 225-226). Organic compounds are those compounds that occur in nature. The simplestorganic compounds consist of only carbon and hydrogen, the hydrocarbons. Thestate of matter for organic compounds depends on how many carbons are containedin it. If a compound has up to four carbons it is a gas, if it has up to 20carbons it is a liquid, and if it has more than 20 carbons it is a solid(Kinoshita 230-237). The carbon cycle is the system of biological and chemical processes that makecarbon available to living things for use in tissue building and energy release(Kinoshita 242). All living cells are composed of proteins consisting of carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in various combinations, and each living organismputs these elements together according to its own genetic code. To do this theorganism must have these available in special compounds built around carbon. .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 , .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .postImageUrl , .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 , .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:hover , .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:visited , .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:active { border:0!important; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:active , .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5 .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucec752932d29500de5cb9227dc7998f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Religion is Unnecessary EssayThese special compounds are produced only by plants, by the process ofphotosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process in which chlorophyll traps and usesenergy from the sun in the form of light. Six molecules of carbon dioxidecombine with six molecules of water to form one molecule of glucose (sugar). The glucose molecule consists of six atoms of carbon, twelve of hydrogen, andsix of oxygen. Six oxygen molecules, consisting of two oxygen atoms each, arealso produced and are discharged into the atmosphere unless the plant needsenergy to live. In that case, the oxygen combines with the glucose immediately,releasing six molecules of carbon dioxide and six of water for each molecule ofglucose (Beggott 25-32). The carbon cycle is then completed as the plantobtains the energy that was stored by the glucose. The length of time requiredto complete the cycle varies. In plants without an immediate need for energy,the chemical processes continue in a variety of ways. By reducing the hydrogenand oxygen content of most of the sugar molecules by one water molecule andcombining them to form large molecules, plants produce substances such as starch,inulin , and fats and store them for future use. Regardless of whether thestored food is used later by the plant or consumed by some other organism, t hemolecules will ultimately be digested and oxidized, and carbon dioxide and waterwill be discharged. Other molecules of sugar undergo a series of chemicalchanges and are finally combined with nitrogen compounds to form proteinsubstances, which are then used to build tissues (WWW 2). Although protein substances may pass from organism to organism, eventuallythese too are oxidized and form carbon dioxide and water as cells wear out andare broken down, or as the organisms die. In either case, a new set oforganisms, ranging from fungi to the large scavengers, use the waste products ortissues for food, digesting and oxidizing the substances for energy release (WWW1). At various times in the Earths history, some plant and animal tissues havebeen protected by erosion and sedimentation from the natural agents ofdecomposition and converted into substances such as peat, lignite, petroleum,and coal. The carbon cycle, temporarily interrupted in this manner, iscompleted as fuels are burned, and carbon dioxide and water are again added tothe atmosphere for reuse by living things, and the solar energy stored byphotosynthesis ages ago is released (Kinoshita 273-275). Almost everything around us today has some connection with carbon or a carboncompound. Carbon is in every living organism. Without carbon life would notexist as we know it. Works Cited1.Beggott, Jim Great Balls of CarbonNew Scientist, July 6, 19912.Kinoshita, Kim Carbon Compounds Random, New York 119-27519873.WWWCarbon http://www.usc.edu/chem/carbon.html19954.WWW Carbon Compounds http://www.harvard.edu/depts/chem/carbon.html1995Category: Science

Considerations in Creating an Effective Supply Chain for a Company

Questions: 1.Describe some of the Considerations in Creating an Effective Supply Chain for a Middle Eastern company.2.What Challenges might the Company Face in terms of Complexity? Answers: 1.Considerations in creating supply chain A supply chain refers to the systems used in the production process of product and services; they include people, activities, resources and information. It flows flow the suppliers all the way to consumers(Wieland Wallenburg, 2011).Companies should considerputting into consideration the factors below in order for them to avoid getting into challenging situations, these are pre-planned and they ensure that the company maximizes on the Return on Investment. Middle East Companies most of which are in the gas and oil businesses should consider the following; Stakeholders readiness - Most companies in the Middle East still use manual procure-to-pay activities manually and are currently going digital by introducing automation, these changes can pose challenges to companys team members, and negatively affect their motivation and morale to work. These can be avoided by establishing how willing the stakeholders are to adjust to change and incorporating them as part of the system to avoid negativity and resistance(Jacoby, 2009). According to (Blanchard, 2010) the supply chain priorities should be established in line with other company initiatives. Members allocated roles in the system, should as well establish if there is any part of the company that will be affected either positively or negatively. If any the impact should be discussed and controlled before setting up the chain supply. Suppliers - supply chain should feature suppliers to the company. In setting up a supply chain considerations must be laid on the different suppliers of materials. The chain should incorporate a strategy for improving the company-supplier relationship. In Middle East for example, oil and gas companies should consider the performance and reliability of different contractors before coming up with their chain of supply(Hines, 2004). People and talent - an effective supply chain must consider having the right talent within the company. Due to aging and fatigue the human resources abilities decreases each day. The company should therefore come up with a new strategy of evaluating the workforce regularly. There must also be proper and well planned recruitment of staff. Technology - before setting up to a supply chain companies should consider having an innovative technology platforms, companies in the Middle East majorly ship their products to other parts of the world majorly African countries, this means that the supply chain must consider choosing a cutting edge technology which will assist the company to optimize its potentials. Key functionalities and ROI requirement - Consider what the chain needs to achieve and the time it will take to pay its own expenses, any other needs such as performance metrics, and support for mobile devices among others. ERP Solutions - Consider the advantages and disadvantages of using the chain, and how well the ERP suits the supplier integration portal. Before setting up the supply chain the companies should consider their ERPs, those will help them consolidate to supply chains which are in line and can handle the diversity of the ERPs. ERP Integration with 3rd party solution - before setting up any supply chain system the company should see to it that the systems have necessary tools, frameworks and IT resources to help in the integration process. It takes quite some time in establishing how well the system can be integrated. Therefore, takes long before implementation of the supply chain system. The team should consider solutions that can smoothly work along with XML, EDI, and CSV among others, and use HTTP, FTP, and AS2. They should have as many options as possible, to increase the chances of compatibility with available systems in the organization. Consideration of how the existing data will be incorporated in the system should be made as well(Handfield Nicholas, 1999). 2.Challenges facing supply chain Supply chains complexity arises due to presence of several variations on the supply system. There are three aspects of complexity which most companies face in the supply chain. These are administrative complexity, and operational complexity. Companies face a number of supply related challenges which lower or hinder the effectiveness of the supply chain. These challenges range from global competitions, changing customers expectations, and increasing complexity in the consumer demands. These challenges are discussed below; Pressure from global competition - there are competitors arising every single day, most companies are going global, this makes it complex creating a supply chain as the chain must consider and be in a position to handle the issue of global competition(Handfield A. W., 2013). Regardless of their physical locations there are several other companies competing on the same line. Changing levels of globalization makes it hard to manage supply chains as they have to be adjusted from time to time(Marcus Noland and Howard Pack, 2007). Rising consumer expectations - consumer expectation is and will always remain a complex issue. In any organization supply chains are always affected when the demand interests of customers change. Costs of risks management - risks are on the rise worldwide, ranging from terror attacks to natural disasters, these risks when they happen affects both the business and its supply chains, to manage these risks the companies are faced with changes of additional costs which might not have been planned for(Yucesan, 2007). However, the costs of ignoring these risks would be higher than that of managing them hence they should be managed at all costs Infrastructure - complex supply chains requires some drivers to be implemented. Companies are faced with the challenge of identifying such infrastructure and acquiring them takes the company back to the issue of increased costs. Lack of proper planning and coordination among the supply tiers - According to(Cooper, 1997) for companies to fully commit to customers needs and demands, various supply tiers existing in the company must coordinate and function as one towards the same goals. Unfortunately for our companies this is not the case. Most lack a comprehensive coordination between the relevant tiers hence no effective supply chains. The challenge arises when companies cannot synchronize demand and supply due to lack of timely and accurate data from the supply chain parties. This makes them to turn to online portals which cannot be fully relied on. Conflicting KPIs - presence of KPIs which are not similar is challenging as it discourages efficiency of the supply chain. Key players in the supply chain alignment fail in matters of what is being measured and the measurement tools results to conflicting KPIs. This makes supply chain more complex in the long run and difficult to manage(Simchi-Levi D., 2007). Constrained capacity; its known that complexity exists, indentifying existence of it is not a challenge any more, the challenge lies in the ability the companies have in managing the complexities , most companies have limited abilities to manage the chains complex matters. Inability to link product design, the manufacturing, and fulfillment within the supply chains - due to complexities in the supply chains, it is quite hard to link the above three aspects of supply chains. Companies are faced with the challenge of increased competition on product innovation and customer service improvement. To deal with this challenges companies should establish a close coordination with all their manufacturing partners and improve on product specifications to help break the launches of new products. Borderless global and weak economies - According to (Richards Waterbury, 2008)global economies are faced with diverse logistics and several transportation options that requires the organization to decide on the bests means to use and remain competitive. Most world economies keep on fluctuating, at times getting weak. Weak economies are on the rise due to complications on the supply chain systems. Companies operating in weak economic countries mainly are faced with complexity challenges for their supply chains. Others factors posing challenge on global economies are; port strikes and natural disasters all of which cause unpredictable influences on the supply chains. Diverse Technological changes; the changes in technology is very diverse, this leads to informational complexities as the companies must keep on establishing current information (Movahedi B, 2009), as a result of this its impossible to always acquire accurate information, this thus brings in the challenge as organization requires this information in order for them to remain competitive by having functional supply chains(Hackimian Nugent, 2004). In conclusion its important for the companies in Middle East whether small or large to consider all the factors that might affect their supply chains, whether in the short term or long term. In as much as there is room for ignoring them, the impact might not be felt in the early stages of the process. But they will appear in the course of running the system. Thus these considerations should be made at the initial stages of chain creation as well as provide for early solutions in case a problem arises in the course of operations. Additionally, it is also important to consider the challenges faced by companies in the process of establishing supply chains. References Blanchard, D. (2010). Supply Chain Management Best Practices (2nd ed.). (J. W. Sons, Ed.) ISBN 9780470531884. Cooper, M. C. (1997). Supply Chain Management: More than a new name for Logistics Management. New York: Oyford. Hackimian, H., Nugent, J. (2004). Trade Policy and Economic Intergrationin the Middle East and East and North Africa; Economic Boundaries in Flux. New York: Routledge. Handfield, A. W. (2013). The Socially Responsible Supply Chain; An Imperative for Global Corporations. (Vol. 17). Supply Chain Management Review. Handfield, R. B., Nicholas, E. L. (1999). Introduction to Supply Chain Management. New York; Pretence Hall: ISBN 0-13-621616-1. Hines, T. (2004). Supply chain strategies: Customer driven andcustomer focused. Oxyford: Elsevier. Jacoby, D. (2009). Guide to Supply Chain Management: How getting it right Boosts Corporate Performance (1st ed.). (T. E. books, Ed.) Bloomberg Press. Marcus Noland and Howard Pack. (2007). Arab Economies in a Changing World. Washinghton: Peterson School of International Economies. Movahedi B, L. K. (2009). Transition to B2B e-Marketplace Enabled Supply Chain: Reainess Assessment and Success Factors,. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society . Richards, A., Waterbury, J. (2008). A Political Enonomy of the Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: ressWestview P. Simchi-Levi D., K. P.-l. (2007). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain. Mcgraw Hill. Wieland, A., Wallenburg, C. M. (2011). Supply- Chain- Management in Sturmischen Zeiten . Berlin: ISBN 978-3-7983-22304-9. Yucesan, E. (2007). Competitive Supply Chains a Value-Based Management Perspective. Vietman: Palgrave Macmillan

Choosing Your Topic and Essay Topics

Choosing Your Topic and Essay TopicsHaving selected your topic for your dialectic essay, the next step is to plan it. Make sure you know your question or topic before you begin writing your essay, and don't be afraid to show some research to support your questions or the thesis statement. The last thing you want is to have to spend a week or more on research to get a sufficient amount of evidence to support your thesis statement. You should also learn to avoid research paralysis by being able to write an essay that covers many different subjects or questions and then arrange them chronologically and logically for use as a dissertation.Once you know your topic, how you are going to go about researching your topic, and whether or not you will want to use sources, the next step is choosing a topic and making a topic list. This part is done by asking yourself questions such as what is the most important issue to me, why am I interested in this particular issue, why do I think I am qualif ied to answer this question? What do I want my readers to take away from this article, what are my objectives?In planning your essay topics, make sure you include not only any research you have already done, but also any other information you feel would be helpful to your readers. These could include references to books, magazines, newspapers, the Internet, journals, seminars, classes, pamphlets, reports, discussion boards, videos, television shows, courses, and personal experiences.When you begin writing, give importance to what you have written by beginning with the first sentence and determining its main question. After you have decided your main question, create your thesis statement.Your thesis statement should be the first sentence of your essay, stating your major thesis. The key to writing a successful thesis statement is to focus your thoughts on the main points and to keep the writing flowing.Always start each paragraph with a main question, such as 'What is the most impor tant issue to me?' Try to find what's important to you as a student and to help yourself, it is suggested that you choose a topic that will be interesting to you personally and help you answer your question or topic in a way that is useful to your current situation.You can break down your topic into smaller subtopics that can be easily organized into a single outline. Use the outline to plan the actual flow of your essay.If you do decide to use a word processor to produce your outline, make sure to check and make sure that all your punctuation is correct. You will also want to make sure that the style guide is up to date as well.

Activity and Disengagement theory Essays

Activity and Disengagement theory Essays Activity and Disengagement theory Paper Activity and Disengagement theory Paper Looking at the activity theory, each practice persuades elderly to stay active by proving them with activities such as bingo, quizzes, physical activities, music and sensory activates. I believe from this the practice will be able to ensure that elderly people stay active. This theory relates to the practice because people in this practice have retired, however they still have other things to keep them entertained. Living in this practice will make them become part of the community there. This will make them stay involved with others. The practice will promote and prolong their activities. They will make sure that their clients maintain their relationship with the family and friends. However there are some with physical disabilities, mental health disabilities or learning disabilities who may not be able to participate in those activities. This theory convinces others to participate and to keep fit; however there can be times were keeping all clients fit becomes difficult. There are residents who may disengage themselves in the health and social care setting. This could be because they may have physical or learning disability which may make them unable to take part. There are some resident who choose not to get involved, not to take part in the services or activities available with the rest and to stay alone wanting to disengage themselves. People should respect their views as this is part of the Human Rights. The disengagement theory can also relate to health and social care settings if the setting doesnt have enough money to provide with such services and activities. This will not provide with appropriate facilities and resident may disengage themselves because of that. I have found that people who are lonely are twice as likely to develop Alzheimers disease, a large US study has suggested. This means that more people die from loneliness than diseases as I found from my research. So if the care setting doesnt provide with activities and make sure that each client is well aware of those services they can take part in, then it will make them feel lonely and they may be at a high risk of developing Alzheimer. This theory can influence some of the client to forget about their family and friends and just to wait for the rest of their lives. However other clients may find it wrong and always keep in mind not to let the disengagement influence them in the setting. Evaluate he nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual. Nature is what we are born with and inherited. This is things like the way we are and our DNA. However nurture is what influences us from outside such as society determine who you are. It is more about what a person is like due to the environment they are in. I have looked at a debate on nature vs. nurture on gay people. It showed the following questions. Are people made or born gay? Are we all straight until our environment or some traumatic event makes us gay or have we indeed had gay feelings for as long as we can remember? Some of the article is shown below. I was born gay! You cant make someone gay no more than you can make someone straight. Of course environmental factors affect our sexuality. You just cant generalize these types of things. Ultimately what you end up doing is trying to figure out how to stop it like its a disease or somethinginstead of trying to help people ACCEPT themselves for who they are and help nurture them into healthy relationships. I was made gay! Might any of these factors (in the life of someone male) contribute towards giving him a gay disposition, or at least make him more inclined to seek the love of men? An alcoholic parent, mother or father; A cold parent, mother or father; Having been in a boys boarding school since about 11. Looking at this article, I have showed both nature and nurture side of the debate. I agree with the nurture side of this debate. I believe that gay people are gay because of their environment and surroundings. Like the boy that said he was made gay because he was surrounded by boys since he was 11 made him have interest in them. However I dont believe this is the right reason for this. I used to go to a girls school and was surrounded by girls from the age of 12 until I left secondary school and I am not a lesbian. But different people feel different about different situations. He mentioned that he didnt get support from parents as they were alcoholics. This can also be the reason as its the environment he is surrounded by. This debate will help gay people in their development as they will get information they need from researchers such as, scientist, psychologist and qualified people. This debate is useful as it creates ownership. If people are the way they are because of the environment, then what makes the environment this? This is because of who we vote for to lead in our communities. Arguments are given to qualify peoples position, so its useful for those people to take part. This will also mean taking responsibilities. Producing arguments helps with the development of the individual. This is because these arguments come from those who are qualified. They will also get money from this and will continue with researching. On the other hand people may feel that they have to take sides, but it all depends on the individual. For example if you have sickle cell anaemia, then there is no nurture part that is affecting your life as you will have to regularly visit the hospital. However the nurture part can affect the development of an individual if they live in a poor country were the transport to getting hospital is hard and treatments are not available. Personality is also something that people debate is either nature or nurture. Here are both of the sides. Personality is Natural This group believes that your personality is result of evolutionary process. You inherit behaviours due to complex interaction of genes. They control your behaviours. So you dont have a free will to act otherwise. Personality is Nurtured This group argues that you dont get your personality inherited. Your mind is a blank slate at your birth. It is your environment, education and culture that make up your behaviours. There are differences on the issue of free will to change your behaviours. Personally I believe that both nature and nurture influenced me on my outcome. Looking at Darwins theory of evolution, he proposed that like physical organs, your personality is result of natural selection for survival of the fittest. You do as your genes dictate. They suggest that fear of death, fear of injury, fear of snakes, shyness, addiction, criminality and sexual orientation are main examples of inheritable behaviours. This debate can take away responsibilities on the individual and make the individual blame it on education, friends and culture. Also gang culture; if people grow up carrying knifes and guns, they are more likely to make their own children do the same thing or even steal. This will make the individual place the blame on the environment, gene or biology.

Bacterial Reproduction and Binary Fission

Bacterial Reproduction and Binary Fission Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that reproduce asexually. Bacterial reproduction most commonly occurs by a kind of cell division called binary fission. Binary fission involves the division of a single cell, which results in the formation of two cells that are genetically identical. In order to grasp the process of binary fission, it is helpful to understand bacterial cell structure. Bacterial Cell Structure Bacteria have varying cell shapes. The most common bacteria cell shapes are spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. Bacterial cells typically contain the following structures: a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, flagella, and a nucleoid region. Cell Wall: An outer covering of the cell that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cells cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.Flagella: Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.Ribosomes: Cell structures responsible for protein production.Plasmids: Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.Nucleoid Region: Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule. Binary Fission Most bacteria, including Salmonella and E.coli, reproduce by binary fission. During this type of asexual reproduction, the single DNA molecule replicates and both copies attach, at different points,  to the cell membrane.  As the cell begins to grow and elongate, the distance between the two DNA molecules increases. Once the bacterium just about doubles its original size, the cell membrane begins to pinch inward at  the center. Finally, a  cell wall  forms  which separates the two  DNA molecules and divides the original cell into two identical daughter cells. There are a number of benefits associated with reproduction  through binary fission. A single bacterium is able to reproduce in high numbers at a rapid rate. Under optimum conditions, some bacteria can double their population numbers in a matter of minutes or hours. Another benefit is that no time is wasted searching for a mate since reproduction is asexual. In addition, the daughter cells resulting from binary fission are identical to the original cell. This means that they are well suited for life in their environment. Bacterial Recombination Binary fission is an effective way for bacteria to reproduce, however, it is not without problems. Since the cells produced through this type of reproduction are identical, they are all susceptible to the same types of  threats, such as environmental changes and  antibiotics. These hazards could destroy  an entire colony. In order to avoid such perils, bacteria can become more genetically  varied  through recombination. Recombination involves the transfer of genes between cells.  Bacterial recombination is accomplished through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Conjugation Some bacteria are capable of transferring pieces of their genes to other bacteria that they contact. During conjugation, one bacterium connects itself to another through a protein tube structure called a pilus. Genes are transferred from one bacterium to the other through this tube. Transformation Some bacteria are capable of taking up DNA from their environment. These DNA remnants most commonly come from dead bacterial cells. During transformation, the bacterium binds the DNA and transports it across the bacterial cell membrane. The new DNA is then incorporated into the bacterial cells DNA. Transduction Transduction is a type of recombination that involves the exchange  of bacterial DNA through bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. There are two types of transduction: generalized and specialized transduction. Once a bacteriophage attaches to a bacterium, it inserts its genome into the bacterium. The viral genome, enzymes, and viral components are then replicated and assembled within the host bacterium. Once formed, the new bacteriophages lyse or split open the bacterium, releasing the replicated viruses.  During the assembling process, however, some of the hosts bacterial DNA may become encased in the viral capsid instead of the viral genome. When this bacteriophage infects another bacterium, it injects the DNA fragment from the previously infected bacterium. This DNA fragment then becomes inserted into the DNA of the new bacterium. This type of transduction is called generalized transduction. In specialized transduction, fragments of the host bacteriums DNA become incorporated into the viral genomes of the new bacteriophages. The DNA fragments can then be transferred to any new bacteria that these bacteriophages infect.

Analyses of Real Cocholate Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyses of Real Cocholate Company - Essay Example stated after the performance of the fiscal year 2007 that she wants the company to cross the $100 million mark for the first time in the Companys history, it is clear that she had a measurable and clear vision about the company. 1. Retail chocolate sales reached $16.3 billion for the year ended December 2006. Per capita consumption of chocolate was over 13 pounds in 2004. This can be used as an opportunity to earn more revenue. 2. â€Å"Cocoa flavones, the unique compounds found naturally in cocoa may increase blood flow to the brain, according to new research published in the Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment journal. The researchers suggest that long-term improvements in brain blood flow could impact cognitive behavior, offering future potential for debilitating brain conditions including dementia and stroke† (Sorond FA 2008). 3. â€Å"Designed anti-dominant laws that will ensure the fair distribution and enforcement of purchase limits and export quotas in accordance with generally accepted antitrust and competition principles† (Blue 2007). 4. â€Å"The US chocolate and confectionery industry is a principle consumer of key US agricultural commodities.   For every dollar of cocoa imported, between one and two dollars of domestic agricultural products are used in the making of chocolate† (Economic Profile of the US Chocolate Industry). 3. â€Å"In 2000, a report by the US State Department concluded that in recent years approximately 15,000 children aged 9 to 12 have been sold into forced labor on cotton, coffee and cocoa plantations in the north of the country† (Global Exchange 2005). 4. Its reputation for quality, variety, and taste of products, special ambiance of the stores, store site selection criteria, expertise in the manufacture and merchandising of chocolate candy products, and good customer service, provide the company with a competitive advantage. 5. Approximately 50 percent of store sales are from products made on-site. This concept conveys

Industrial revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrial revolution - Research Paper Example For instance, agriculture enhanced production of wool and cotton, which recorded an increase in year (Moris 90). Regarding the coral mining, it is clear that in the 18th and 19th centuries, coral miners experienced a risky environment and incurred suicidal dangers. Today different mining methods considered safe are in place. Apparently, there are methods like a modernized form of tunnel ventilation, improved underground as well as surface transportation. Transportation determines cost and availability of manufactured goods (Morris 130). If the means of improved communication is not worth it, then products’ price increases. Hence, demands grow. These phenomena caused life to be more expensive. After several inventions, life has become cheaper. In the 18th century, the population grew at a faster rate than before. Birth rates were observed to enhance growth of population (Dickens 39). There were a decline in the death rate and increase in the birth rate, and that ensured faster growth. Again, industry provided a higher amount of wages to individuals. In conclusion, the industrial revolution resulted in a remarkable advancement in not only people’s lifestyle but also better mechanisms were developed to make the overall working easier. Consequently, there was an increase in the general